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People Philosophers, historians, political and social scientists

Philosophers, historians, political and social scientists

Social scientists

A. Bartlett Giamatti

American baseball commissioner and academic adminisrator

English philosopher

English philosopher (1910–1989)

A. J. P. Taylor

English historian (1906–1990)

Australian anthropologist

Scottish educator and theorist (1883-1973)

American psychiatrist

Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri

Egyptian legal scholar (1895-1971)

Abhijit Banerjee

American economist

Abraham Flexner

American educator

American psychologist

Abraham Ortelius

16th-century cartographer, geographer, and cosmographer

Grand vizier of Mughal emperor Akbar

Scottish philosopher and historian; (1723-1816)

Adam František Kollár

Slovak jurist, historian, ethnologist, and policy advisor

British anthropologist

Scottish economist and philosopher (1723–1790)

German philosopher and founder of the Order of Illuminati

British University Psychology Professor

Akhtar Hameed Khan

Pakistani development activist and social scientist

French writer and philosopher

Alan Dershowitz

American lawyer, author

13th Chair of the US Federal Reserve

American linguist

British writer and lecturer

Alasdair MacIntyre

Scottish philosopher (1929–2025)

Alberico Gentili

Canadian-American psychologist

American psychologist (1913–2007)

Albert of Saxony (philosopher)

German theologian and philosopher (c.1320-1390)

Albert S. Osborn

American forensic scientist

Albert Schweitzer

French-German physician, theologian, musician and philosopher (1875-1965)

Albert Sechehaye

Swiss linguist (1870-1946)

French historian

Albion Woodbury Small

American sociologist

8th century English scholar, clergyman, poet, and teacher

American linguist

Aleksandr Dugin

Russian political activist and philosopher (born 1962)

Aleksei Leontiev

Russian psychologist

Aleksey Khomyakov

Russian philosopher

Alexander Cunningham

British Army engineer

Alexander Zaporozhets

Russian psychologist

Alexandre Lacassagne

French criminologist (1843-1924)

Alexis de Tocqueville

French political philosopher, politician and historian

10th century Islamic philosopher and jurist

Mexican archaeologist (1896-1970)

Austrian psychotherapist (1870–1937)

French psychologist

American scientist (1894–1956)

American anthropologist

Alfred Marshall

British economist

Alfred North Whitehead

English mathematician and philosopher (1861–1947)

Alfred Radcliffe-Brown

British anthropologist (1881 - 1955)

Alfred Rosenberg

Nazi theorist and war criminal

Alfredo Trombetti

Italian linguist

Alice Freeman Palmer

American educator

American historian, journalist

10th-century Arab historian and geographer

Alois Alzheimer

German psychiatrist and neuropathologist (1864–1915)

American academic (born 1951)

American economist

Amariah Brigham

American psychiatrist

Indian economist and philosopher

Amos Bronson Alcott

American educator (1799–1888)

Anacharsis Cloots

Prussian nobleman (1755–1794)

Anatol Rapoport

Russian-born American mathematical psychologist

Anatoly Khazanov

American anthropologist and historian

Ancient Greek philosopher

Ancient Greek philosopher (c. 610 – c. 546 BC)

Anaximenes of Miletus

Ancient Greek Pre-Socratic philosopher

Anders Chydenius

Swedish politician (1729–1803)

French film critic and theorist

American film critic

Andrey Korotayev

Russian anthropologist, economic historian, comparative political scientist, and sociologist

Andrzej Bogusławski

Polish Linguistics theorist

Angelika Kratzer

American linguist

British microeconomist

British novelist and art historian

Anita Sarkeesian

Canadian-American feminist media critic (born 1983)

American anthropologist, mother of Barack Obama

Austrian–British psychoanalyst (1895–1982)

Byzantine historian

Anna Wierzbicka

Polish linguist

Teacher and companion of Helen Keller

British art historian and Soviet spy (1907–1983)

Anthony Giddens

British sociologist (born 1938)

Anthony Panizzi

Italian librarian (1797-1879) and Principal Librarian of the British Museum

Ancient Greek philosopher, founder of Cynicism

Anton Makarenko

Ukrainian and Soviet educator and writer

United States Supreme Court justice

Antonio Gramsci

Italian Marxist philosopher and politician

Italian sociologist and political philosopher

English military historian (born 1946)

British analytic and evidentialist philosopher

Russian-Jewish American writer

Classical Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic School

4th century BC Greek Peripatetic philosopher

Arjun Appadurai

Indian-American anthropologist (born 1949)

American art historian

German historian and filmmaker

Arnold J. Toynbee

British historian

2nd century Greek historian, official and philosopher

Arthur Cecil Pigou

English economist (1877–1959)

American art critic and philosopher

English archaeologist and pioneer in the study of Aegean civilisation

Arthur F. Burns

American economist, diplomat, and 10th Chairman of the Federal Reserve in the United States

British anatomist and anthropologist (1866–1955)

Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

American historian, social critic, and public intellectual

Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.

American historian (1888–1965)

Arthur Schopenhauer

German philosopher (1788–1860)

British-American anthropologist

Athanasius Kircher

German Jesuit scholar

English author and biogerontologist

Audrey Richards

British anthropologist (1899–1984)

August Schleicher

German philologist

18th c. French philosopher and pioneer of positivism

Augustine of Hippo

Catholic theologian, philosopher, Church Father, bishop and Christian saint (354– 430)

Arab-Andalusian polymath

Andalusian Muslim polymath (1126–1198)

Israeli-British historian (born 1945)

American psychologist and social philosopher (1904–1990)

Chinese historian, politician and poet (AD 32–92)

Late 1st/early 2nd century Chinese historian, philosopher and scholar

Barbara H. Partee

American linguist (born 1940)

Barbara W. Tuchman

American historian and author (1912–1989)

17th century philosopher (1632–1677)

7th and 8th-century Anglo-Saxon monk, writer, and saint

Bedřich Hrozný

Czech archeologist, linguist and orientalist (1879-1952)

American politician from New York

14th Chair of Federal Reserve

American lawyer and pacifist

Benedetto Croce

Italian philosopher

Benedict Anderson

Irish-American political scientist (1936–2015)

Bengt Holmström

Finnish economist and Nobel laureate (born 1949)

Benjamin Arthur Quarles

American historian (1904–1996)

American psychologist

Benjamin Constant

French-Swiss politician, writer on politics and religion (1767-1830)

Benjamin Lee Whorf

American linguist

Israeli historian (born 1948)

Bernard Berenson

American art critic

Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher)

English philosopher

American historian and author

British-American historian

Bernard Lonergan

Canadian philosopher and theologian

Bernard Smith (art historian)

Australian artist (1916-2011)

Bernard Stiegler

French philosopher (1952–2020)

Bernard Williams

English moral philosopher

Bernard-Henri Lévy

French philosopher

Swedish economist and politician

Bertrand Russell

British philosopher and logician (1872–1970)

Birutė Galdikas

Lithuanian-Canadian primatologist, conservationist

Roman senator and philosopher of the early 6th century

Language teacher, translator

Bronisław Malinowski

Anthropologist and ethnographer

American political writer (1848-1927)

U.S. historian, author, and journalist

Bruno Bettelheim

Austrian-American child psychologist and writer (1903–1990)

French philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist

United States Supreme Court justice; American football player

Trinidadian writer

C. Vann Woodward

American historian

C. Wright Mills

American sociologist

Calvin Hooker Goddard

American forensic scientist

Camilla Wedgwood

British anthropologist

American feminist academic and critic

American archaeologist

German musicologist

Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist (1875–1961)

Founder of the Austrian School of economics

German geographer (1779-1859)

American psychologist

German jurist and political theorist (1888–1985)

Hellenistic Academic Skeptic Philosopher

American feminist, ethicist, and psychologist

Carter G. Woodson

African-American historian, writer, and journalist

Greco-Roman statesman and historian (c. 155–c. 235)

Catharine A. MacKinnon

American feminist and legal activist

Cesare Beccaria

Jurist, philosopher and politician from Italy (1738-1794)

Cesare Lombroso

Italian criminologist

Ancient Indian philosopher

Charles A. Beard

American historian (1874–1948)

Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve

French literary critic (1804-1869)

Swiss linguist (1865-1947)

20th-century Australian journalist and historian

18th/19th-century English music historian

Charles Horton Cooley

American sociologist

Charles Marie de La Condamine

French explorer, geographer, and mathematician (1701-1774)

Charles Maurras

French author and poet

Charles McLean Andrews

American historian

Charles Murray (political scientist)

American political scientist, writer, and public speaker

Charles Saatchi

British businessman

Charles Sanders Peirce

American thinker who founded pragmatism (1839–1914)

Charles Spearman

English psychologist

Charles Taylor (philosopher)

Canadian philosopher (born 1931)

American sociologist (1929–2008)

Cheikh Anta Diop

Senegalese politician, historian and scientist (1923-1986)

Chinese philosopher

Cheng Yi (philosopher)

Chinese philosopher

Christian Lous Lange

Norwegian diplomat and Nobel Peace Prize recipient (1869-1938)

Christopher A. Pissarides

British-Cypriot economist

Christopher A. Sims

American econometrician and macroeconomist

Christopher Hill (historian)

English historian

Roman statesman, lawyer, orator and philosopher

Claire Kelly Schultz

American documentalist

Clarence Darrow

American lawyer and leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union

Clarence Thomas

US Supreme Court justice since 1991

American academic

American psychologist (1884–1952)

American anthropologist

Claude Adrien Helvétius

French philosopher; (1715-1771)

Claude Lévi-Strauss

French anthropologist and ethnologist

Clement Greenberg

American essayist and visual art critic (1909-1994)

Clements Markham

British geographer (1830–1916)

Clifford Geertz

American anthropologist

British economist

British archaeologist

Chinese philosopher and politician

American philosopher and political activist (born 1953)

Cosmas Indicopleustes

6th-century Greek traveller and merchant

American linguist (1793–1868)

Japanese scholar who popularized Zen Buddhism in the West

Chinese scholar

Dale T. Mortensen

American economist (1939-2014)

Dambisa Moyo, Baroness Moyo

Zambian-born economist

American sociologist, writer, editor, and professor emeritus at Harvard University

American philosopher (1942–2024)

Daniel J. Boorstin

American librarian and 12th Librarian of Congress

Daniel Kahneman

Israeli-American psychologist

Daniel Kane (linguist)

Australian linguist

Daniel McFadden

American economist

American psychologist

British biographer

David Dudley Field II

American politician (1805-1894)

Canadian philosopher

American anthropologist and activist

Scottish philosopher, historian, economist and essayist (1711–1776)

David J. Peterson

American conlanger, writer, and artist (born 1981)

David Lewis (philosopher)

American philosopher (1941–2001)

David McClelland

American psychologist (1917–1998)

David McCullough

American historian and author

David Nash (linguist)

Australian linguist

David Ogilvy (businessman)

British advertising executive

British political economist, broker and politician

English constitutional historian (born 1945)

Australian philosopher (1927-1994)

Romanian-American psychologist

Canadian paleoanthropologist

American anthropologist and linguist

Demetrius of Phalerum

Ancient Greek statesman and philosopher

Ancient Greek philosopher, pupil of Leucippus, founder of the atomic theory

French Enlightenment philosopher and encyclopædist

Derek Bickerton

American linguist

British philosopher (1942–2017)

American lawyer, professor, and civil rights activist

American zoologist

4th-century BC Greek Cynic philosopher

Dmitri Bondarenko

Russian historian, anthropologist and Africanist

Dominique Lecourt

French philosopher (born 1944)

American oceanographer

Donald Davidson (philosopher)

American philosopher (1917–2003)

American academic

Canadian neuroscientist

Donald Winnicott

English paediatrician and psychoanalyst

Chinese philosopher (179–104 BC)

Douglas Hofstadter

American professor of cognitive science (born 1945)

Douglas Southall Freeman

American journalist

American economist

Drew Gilpin Faust

American historian and college administrator

Scottish philosopher and mathematician

Scottish Franciscan friar, philosopher and Catholic blessed

E. E. Evans-Pritchard

British anthropologist

E. F. Schumacher

German-British statistician and economist

E. Franklin Frazier

American sociologist and writer (1894–1962)

British historian, journalist, diplomat and political scientist (1892–1982)

14th Chief Justice of the United States

American anthropologist

American teacher and writer (1867–1963)

Edmond de Coussemaker

French musicologist and ethnologist

Edmond de Goncourt

French writer, literary critic, art critic, book publisher and the founder of the Académie Goncourt

French forensic scientist

18th-century statesman and political theorist

German philosopher, known as the father of phenomenology

American economist

American writer

Édouard Glissant

Martiniquais writer

Eduard Fraenkel

German-British classicist

Eduard Hanslick

Austrian musician and musicologist

Edvard Westermarck

Finnish sociologist (1862–1939)

Edward B. Titchener

English-American psychologist (1867–1927)

Austrian-American public relations pioneer

Edward Burnett Tylor

English anthropologist

Edward C. Prescott

American economist

Edward Channing

American historian

Edward Charles Spitzka

United States physician and anatomist

English lawyer and judge

English historian and Member of Parliament

American economist and academic

Edward Livingston

18th/19th-century American jurist and statesman

Professor of literature and a public intellectual

American linguist and anthropologist

Edward Thorndike

American psychologist

Edwin O. Reischauer

American diplomat, educator, and professor (1910–1990)

Edwin R. A. Seligman

American economist (1861–1939)

Egerton Ryerson

Canadian educator and Methodist minister (1803–1882)

Austrian philosopher, historian, journalist, actor, cabaret performer (Kabarettist) and theatre critic

Austrian, later British composer, teacher and musicologist (1885-1974)

Finnish philosopher and psychologist (1890-1958)

Eleazar Wheelock

American Congregational minister, educator, and founder of Dartmouth College

Swedish historian and economist

Eliezer Ben-Yehuda

Hebrew lexicographer

Welsh merchant and philanthropist

American political economist (1933–2012)

Elisabeth Selkirk

American linguist

Elizabeth Eisenstein

American historian

Elizabeth F. Ellet

American writer, poet, translator

Elizabeth Loftus

American cognitive psychologist

Elizabeth Longford

British historian

Ellen Swallow Richards

United States historic place

American psychologist

Elsie Clews Parsons

American anthropologist

Romanian philosopher, aphorist and essayist (1911–1995)

German psychiatrist (1856–1926)

German polyglot and sinologist

French psychologist and pharmacist

Émile Durkheim

French sociologist (1858–1916)

Émile Jaques-Dalcroze

Swiss composer, musician, and educator (1865–1950)

Emily Greene Balch

American economist, academic, and Nobel Laureate

Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès

French Roman Catholic abbé and political writer (1748–1836)

Emmanuel Levinas

French philosopher

5th century BC Greek philosopher

Greek Stoic philosopher (c. 50–c. 135)

Ancient Greek philosopher, founder of Epicureanism

Dutch humanist (c. 1469–1536)

British academic historian and Marxist historiographer

American Nobel laureate in economics

American anthropologist (1923-1999)

German sociologist and psychoanalyst

American German-born psychoanalyst & essayist

Czech anthropologist, philosopher and sociologist

French philosopher, biblical scholar, orientalist and historian of religion

German historian

German philosopher (1874–1945)

Ernst Heinrich Weber

German psychologist

American sociologist, writer, and academic

German art historian

French-American economist

Swiss psychiatrist

Dutch paleoanthropologist (1858-1940)

American economist and Nobel laureate in Economics

Eugene Genovese

American historian (1930–2012)

Greek Christian scholar, c.260-c.340

American linguist

Psychologist famous for demonstrating homosexuality is not a mental disorder (1907-1996)

American businessman, founder of Western Union and Cornell University

British philosopher

United States economist

Felix Adler (professor)

German-American professor of political and social ethics, rationalist, and lecturer (1851-1933)

Félix Guattari

Institutional psychotherapist, philosopher, and semiologist

Chinese philosopher (1895-1990)

Ferdinand de Saussure

Ferdinand Tönnies

German sociologist, economist and philosopher

Fernand Braudel

French historian and leader of the Annales School

Finn E. Kydland

Norwegian economist

American economist

Flinders Petrie

English egyptologist

Florian Znaniecki

Polish philosopher and sociologist

Frances Cress Welsing

American psychiatrist (1935–2016)

Frances Fox Piven

American sociologist

Frances Mary Richardson Currer

British book collector

Francesc Eiximenis

Spanish philosopher

Francesco Algarotti

Italian polymath (1712–1764)

English philosopher and statesman (1561–1626)

Francis Fukuyama

American political scientist, political economist, and author

Francis James Gillen

Australian anthropologist

German-American jurist, gymnast and political philosopher

Francis Parker Yockey

American attorney, political philosopher

Francis Parkman

American historian (1823-1893)

Francisco de Vitoria

Spanish philosopher

Franco Modigliani

Italian-American economist (1918–2003)

Franco of Cologne

German composer, musicologist, writer and music theorist

François Guizot

French historian, orator and statesman (1787–1874)

François Quesnay

French physician, Physiocratic economist, and orientalist

François Victor Alphonse Aulard

First professional French historian of the French Revolution and of Napoleon

François-Joseph Fétis

Belgian composer (1784-1871)

American forensic artist

French art historian (1918–2020)

František Palacký

Czech philosopher, historian, publicist and writer (1798-1876)

French West Indian psychiatrist, philosopher (1925–1961)

German-born American anthropologist

German philologist (1791–1876)

American linguist

Frederic Bartlett

British psychologist and academic

Frédéric Bastiat

French classical liberal theorist, political economist, and member of the French assembly

Frederic George Stephens

British art critic, in the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (1827-1907)

Frederic William Maitland

English legal historian (1850–1906)

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian (1861–1932)

Fredric Jameson

American academic

Friedrich August Wolf

German philologist

Friedrich Chrysander

German music historian

Friedrich Engels

German philosopher (1820–1895)

Friedrich Fröbel

German educator

Friedrich Gundolf

Friedrich Hayek

Austrian–British economist and Nobel Laureate (1899–1992)

Friedrich Hölderlin

German poet and philosopher (1770-1843)

German economist with dual American citizenship

Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher

Friedrich Schleiermacher

German theologian, philosopher, and biblical scholar

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling

German philosopher

German-born psychiatrist, psychoanalyst and psychotherapist (1893-1970)

G. E. M. Anscombe

British analytic philosopher

British philosopher

G. M. Trevelyan

British historian and academic (1876–1962)

G. Stanley Hall

American psychologist and educator (1846–1924)

Gabdulkhay Akhatov

Soviet Tatar linguist (1927-1986)

French philosopher, playwright and music critic

Roman jurist (2nd century AD)

Garfield Barwick

7th Chief Justice of Australia and politician (1903-1997)

Gārgī Vāchaknavī

Hindu Sage and Philosopher

American economist

Gaston Bachelard

French writer and philosopher (1884-1962)

Gaston Deschamps

French politician and journalist

Geoffrey Blainey

Australian historian

Geoffrey Lawrence, 1st Baron Oaksey

British judge (1880-1971)

Geoffrey of Monmouth

British cleric and historiographer

German sociologist and philosopher

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

German philosopher (1770–1831)

American economist (born 1940)

George Armitage Miller

American psychologist

George Bancroft

American historian and statesman (1800–1891)

George Berkeley

Anglo-Irish philosopher

George C. Homans

American sociologist (1910-1989)

British surveyor and geodesist

George Fitzhugh

Pro-slavery American ideologist (1806–1881)

George Friedman

American businessman and political scientist

English writer on music and director of the Royal College of Music (1820-1900)

George Herbert Mead

American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist

George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon

British aristocrat

American linguist (born 1941)

George M. McCune

American linguist (1908-1948)

George R. Fischer

American underwater archaeologist

George Saintsbury

British critic and literary historian (1845–1933)

George Santayana

Spanish-American philosopher

George Smith (Assyriologist)

English Assyriologist

American economist (1911–1991)

Georges Bataille

French intellectual and literary figure (1897–1962)

Georges Canguilhem

French philosopher

Georges Dumézil

French philologist and historian

Georges Lefebvre

French historian

French economist and mathematician (1921–2004)

French philosopher

Gerardus Mercator

16th-century geographer, cosmographer and cartographer

Australian writer and public intellectual (born 1939)

Ghil'ad Zuckermann

Israeli-born language revivalist and linguist

Giambattista Vico

Italian philosopher (1668–1744)

Giannalberto Bendazzi

Italian historian

English philosopher

French philosopher (1925–1995)

Italian Dominican friar, philosopher and mathematician (1548–1600)

Giorgio Agamben

Italian philosopher

Italian painter, architect, writer and historian (1511-1574)

Gioseffo Zarlino

Italian composer

Giovanni Belzoni

Italian antiquarian (1778-1823)

Giovanni Falcone

Giovanni Gentile

Italian philosopher, educator, and fascist politician

Giuseppe Caspar Mezzofanti

Italian cardinal and hyperpolyglot

American attorney

Gloria Anzaldúa

Chicana cultural theory, feminist theory, and queer theory

Chinese scholar

American psychologist (1897 - 1967)

Ancient Greek presocratic philosopher and sophist

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

Writer, philosopher, publicist, and art critic

British archaeologist

Gregory Bateson

Psychological anthropologist

Gregory of Tours

6th-century historian and Bishop of Tours

Austrian musicologist, writer

Guido of Arezzo

11th century Italian monk, inventor of musical notaticulo

Guillaume Delisle

17th and 18th-century French cartographer

Swedish economist

German experimental psychologist, physicist, and philosopher

Gustave Boissonade

French legal scholar

French Marxist theorist

György Lukács

Hungarian philosopher and critic

Halford Mackinder

English geographer, academic and politician, who is regarded as one of the founding fathers of both geopolitics and geostrategy

Chinese philosopher

German American historian and philosopher (1906–1975)

British psychologist

German politician and war criminal (1900–1946)

Austrian jurist (1847-1915)

Austrian lawyer

Hans Morgenthau

American political scientist (1904–1980)

Hans-Georg Gadamer

German philosopher

American literary critic, scholar, and writer

Harold Garfinkel

American sociologist (1917 – 2011)

Harriet Martineau

English writer and sociologist

American sociologist

United States Supreme Court justice

American writer and politician

American psychologist

Harry Markowitz

American economist (born 1927)

Harry Stack Sullivan

American psychiatrist & psychoanalyst (1892-1949)

Spanish philosopher

British physician, writer, and social reformer

Heinrich Harrer

Austrian mountaineer and author (1912–2006)

Heinrich Schenker

Austrian music theorist (1868-1935)

Heinrich Schliemann

German businessman and archaeologist (1822–1890)

Heinrich von Treitschke

Historian, political writer (1834-1896)

Austrian-American psychoanalyst and psychiatrist

Korean educator

American literary critic

French nun, philosopher, writer, scholar, and abbess

French philosopher

Henri de Saint-Simon

French early socialist theorist (1760-1825)

Belgian historian

American journalist, historian, academic, novelist (1838-1918)

Henry David Thoreau

19th-century American essayist, poet and philosopher

Scottish physician, missionary and scientist

Henry Geldzahler

Belgian-American art curator (1935–1994)

American political economist and journalist

Henry Louis Gates Jr.

American intellectual

Henry Reynolds (historian)

Australian historian

Henry Steele Commager

American historian

Henry Thomas Colebrooke

English orientalist and mathematician (1765-1837)

Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher

Herbert A. Simon

American political scientist, economist, sociologist, and psychologist

British sinologist and diplomat (1845-1935)

Canadian neurologist, psychologist, physiologist, anatomist, and chemist

Herbert Marcuse

German philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist

British, Irish theologian (1926–2001)

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and political theorist (1820–1903)

Hermann Ebbinghaus

German psychologist

Hermann Heinrich Gossen

Prussian economist

German philosopher

Greek historian

5th century BC Greek historian and author of The Histories

American mathematician

Hippolyte Taine

French critic and historian

Hiram Bingham III

American academic, explorer, treasure hunter and politician

Hjalmar Schacht

German politician and economist

American educational reformer and politician

Houston Stewart Chamberlain

British-born German anti-Semitic philosopher

British archaeologist and Egyptologist (1874–1939)

American developmental psychologist (born 1943)

American historian and socialist thinker

German secular canoness, dramatist, and poet

Chinese historian, ethnologist and educator (1899-1982)

American philosopher

Hugh Trevor-Roper

British historian (1914–2003)

United States Supreme Court justice

Dutch philosopher and jurist

Hugo Kołłątaj

Polish historian and philosopher (1750–1812)

Hugo Münsterberg

German-American psychologist

German musicologist (1849-1919)

4th century BCE Chinese philosopher of the School of Names

Hyacinth (Bichurin)

Russian sinologist, historian, translator, eastern orthodox missionary

Syrian Neoplatonist philosopher (c. 245 – c. 325)

British archaeologist

British historian

14th-century Arab historiographer and historian

Arab Andalusian Muslim polymath

American academic

Israeli-British historian (born 1954)

German philosopher (1724–1804)

Immanuel Wallerstein

American sociologist and economic historian (1930–2019)

Hungarian philosopher of mathematics and science

Inca Garcilaso de la Vega

Spanish chronicler (1539-1616)

First Lady of Puerto Rico

Welsh antiquarian forger and poet

Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt

Founder of the field of human ethology

American linguist

American economist and statistician (1867–1947)

16th-17th century European classical scholar and philologist

Isabel Briggs Myers

American writer

British philosopher and social and political theorist

Japanese educator and bureaucrat

Ancient Athenian rhetorician

Austrian philosopher and theologist

Russian physiologist

American publicist (1877–1934)

English economist, social scientist and critic of imperialism (1858-1940)

English philosopher

Australian philosopher

J. Philippe Rushton

Canadian psychology professor

Professor, American environmental historian, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, US

Jaakko Hintikka

Finnish philosopher and logician

Dutch ethnomusicologist

Jack Halberstam

American academic, LGBT+ activist

Jacob Burckhardt

Swiss historian (1818–1897)

Jacqueline Noel

American librarian

French-American historian

Jacques Derrida

French philosopher (1930–2004)

French psychoanalyst and writer

Jacques Le Goff

French historian (1924-2014)

Jacques Piccard

Swiss oceanographer (1922–2008)

Jaime Escalante

Bolivian educator, teacher and mathematician

German philosopher

James Anthony Froude

English historian, novelist and biographer (1818–1894)

James B. Conant

American chemist (1893–1978)

James Braid (surgeon)

Scottish surgeon

James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce

British academic

Scottish/Australian/New Zealand wine farmer and politician

James Curtis Hepburn

American Christian missionary to Japan

American sociologist

James George Frazer

Scottish social anthropologist

James H. Billington

American librarian and 13th Librarian of Congress

James Harvey Robinson

Historian (1863–1936)

American economist (born 1944)

James Henry Breasted

American archaeologist, egyptologist and historian

English scientist (1919–2022)

James M. Buchanan

American economist

James McKeen Cattell

American psychologist

British economist who won Nobel in Economics in 1977

Scottish historian, economist, political theorist, and philosopher

British Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences

James Samuel Coleman

American sociologist (1926–1995)

Kenyan libertarian activist

American economist (1918–2002)

Dutch economist

American schoolteacher

American–Canadian journalist, author, and activist

78th United States secretary of the treasury

American scientist and author

American historian, educator, and Unitarian minister (1789–1866)

Jean Baudrillard

French sociologist and philosopher

Medieval philosopher

Jean de La Bruyère

Philosopher and moralist (1645–1696)

French writer (c.1337-c.1405)

Swiss psychologist, biologist, logician, philosopher and academic (1896-1980)

French writer (1932-2016)

French economist

Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d'Argens

French philosopher and writer (1704-1771)

Jean-Baptiste Say

French economist and businessman

Jean-François Champollion

French classical scholar, decipherer of Egyptian hieroglyphs

Jean-François Lyotard

French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist (1924-1998)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer (1712–1778)

French philosopher (born 1940)

Jean-Paul Sartre

French existentialist philosopher (1905–1980)

American economist (born 1954)

British philosopher, jurist, and social reformer (1748–1832)

American lawyer

Slovene philologist

American psychologist and scholar

American animation historian

American philosopher

American art historian (born 1951)

Polish linguist (born 1948)

English economist

Jodocus Hondius

Flemish and Dutch engraver and cartographer (1563–1612)

Dutch historian

Johann Friedrich Herbart

German philosopher, psychologist, and founder of pedagogy as an academic discipline

Johann Gottfried Herder

German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

German philosopher (1762–1814)

Johann Gustav Droysen

German historian

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi

Swiss pedagogue

Johann Joachim Winckelmann

German art historian and archaeologist

Johann Karl Ehrenfried Kegel

Johann Martin Schleyer

German Catholic priest

Johann Nikolaus Forkel

German musicologist (1749–1818)

Johann Reuchlin

German humanist and scholar of Greek and Hebrew

Johanna Nichols

American linguist

Johannes Magnus

Roman Catholic archbishop

Johannes Messenius

Swedish historian and writer

Johannes Tinctoris

Renaissance music theorist and composer (1435–1511)

John Addington Symonds

19th-century English poet and literary critic

English writer and antiquarian

American psychologist (1878 – 1958)

British art historian and archaeologist (1885–1970)

British painter, writer and art critic

British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst

4th Governor of Hong Kong; hymnwriter; translator (1792-1872)

American art historian

American animator

John Charles Dent

UK-born Canadian journalist, author and historian (1841-1888)

John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton

British politician and historian (1834–1902)

16th century English mathematician, astrologer and alchemist

American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer

John Fiske (philosopher)

American philosopher and historian

Hungarian economist (1920-2000)

English clergyman and philanthropist (1607–1638)

English philosopher of religion and theologian

British economist

John Hope Franklin

American historian

John Kenneth Galbraith

American economist and diplomat (1908-2006)

English philosopher and physician (1632–1704)

John Lothrop Motley

American historian and diplomat (1814-1877)

4th Chief Justice of the United States

John Marshall (archaeologist)

British archaeologist

John Marshall Harlan

United States Supreme Court Associate Justice

John Maynard Keynes

English economist

South African philosopher and academic

Psychologist, sexologist and author

John of Ephesus

6th-century Byzantine historian

John Paul Stevens

United States Supreme Court justice

John Philoponus

Byzantine philologist and philosopher (c. 490–c. 570)

American poet and linguist (1938–2025)

American political philosopher

17th Chief Justice of the United States

19th-century English writer and art critic

John Scotus Eriugena

Irish Catholic philosopher and theologian (c. 800 – c. 877)

American philosopher

John Stuart Mill

British philosopher and political economist

American sociologist and professor

Johnnie Cochran

American lawyer

American social psychologist (born 1963)

Jordan Peterson

Canadian clinical psychologist (born 1962)

José Ortega y Gasset

Spanish philosopher and essayist

Josef Szombathy

Austrian archaeologist

Joseph Campbell

American mythologist, writer and lecturer (1904-1987)

Joseph Déjacque

Joseph Greenberg

American linguist

American psychologist

Joseph Justus Scaliger

French historian (1540-1609)

Joseph Schumpeter

Austrian political economist

Joseph Stiglitz

American economist, professor, and recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics

US Supreme Court justice 1779–1845

Roman–Jewish historian and military leader (c. 37 – c. 100)

American philosopher

Józef Ignacy Kraszewski

Polish novelist

Judah Leon Abravanel

Portuguese Jewish philosopher, physician and poet

American feminist gender studies philosopher (born 1956)

Judith Jarvis Thomson

American philosopher

French historian; popularized the historical concept of the Renaissance

Bulgarian-French philosopher, psychoanalyst & academic

Julien Offray de La Mettrie

French physician and philosopher

Italian radical-right philosopher and esotericist (1898–1974)

Julius Wellhausen

German theologian

Jürgen Habermas

German sociologist and philosopher

Russian-Estonian semiotician

Vedic sage and founder of Vaisheshika school of Hindu philosophy

Political thinker and reformer

American-German psychoanalyst

Karl Heinrich Ulrichs

German jurist, writer and gay rights activist (1825–1895)

Psychiatrist and philosopher from Germany

German philologist and critic (1793-1851)

German historian (1856–1915)

German philosopher

Hungarian-German philosopher and sociologist (1893-1947)

Philosopher (1818–1883)

Austrian-British philosopher of science

American political consultant and policy advisor

German medievalist and historian (1813-1901)

Kate Douglas Wiggin

American writer (1856-1923)

American feminist (1934–2017)

Katharine Cook Briggs

American psychologist

Kathleen Kenyon

British archaeologist

Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz

Polish philosopher and logician (1890-1963)

Kazimierz Dąbrowski

Polish physician and psychologist

American lawyer

Cambodian philosopher and Khmer linguist

Kenneth and Mamie Clark

African-American married psychologist duo

American economist

English art historian, museum director, and broadcaster (1903–1983)

British classical scholar (1920–2010)

Kenneth L. Hale

American linguist

English filmmaker and film historian

Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)

American psychologist and white supremacist

Kimberlé Crenshaw

American academic and lawyer (born 1959)

Ottoman Armenian composer and religious figure

Konstantin Ushinsky

Russian teacher and writer

German psychologist and professor (1886–1941)

German-American psychologist

German gynaecologist (1882-1949)

Inventor of the international language Esperanto in the 19th century

Legendary Chinese figure, attributed to the 6th century, regarded as the author of the Tao Te Ching and founder of Taoism

Lars Peter Hansen

American economist

German psychologist

Lawrence Johnstone Burpee

Canadian librarian, historian and writer

American economist (1920-2013)

Lawrence Kohlberg

American psychologist (1927 – 1987)

Lawrence Lessig

American academic, political activist

English historian

Lawrence Summers

American economist, Secretary of the Treasury, college administrator, and U.S. government official

American actor, drama teacher, acting coach, theorist

American advertising executive

Austrian-American physician and psychiatrist

German-American political philosopher

American social psychologist

Leonard Bloomfield

American linguist

Leonard Peikoff

Canadian-American philosopher

Polish-American economist and mathematician (1917-2008)

Leopold von Ranke

German historian (1795–1886)

Lester Frank Ward

American scientist, academic, and early sociologist

Russian existentialist philosopher (1866 – 1938)

Soviet psychologist

American archaeologist (1931-2011)

Lewis H. Morgan

United States anthropologist, theorist and lawyer

American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology and literary critic (1895-1990)

British historian (1888-1960)

American educational psychologist and academic

Chinese politician of the Qin Dynasty

Lila Abu-Lughod

American anthropologist

American art historian

Lionel Trilling

American literary critic and writer

Roman historian (59 BC – AD 17)

Lloyd Morrisett

American psychologist

Canadian economist (1911-1993)

Louis Althusser

French Marxist philosopher (1918–1990)

French educator and inventor of the Braille system

United States Supreme Court justice

Louis Hjelmslev

Danish linguist (1899-1965)

British archaeologist and naturalist

French engraver, painter, and playwright (1812-1885)

American sociologist (1897-1952)

Chinese scholar

French politician and philosopher

Italian mathematician and cleric

Belgian-born French feminist, philosopher

French historian (1878-1956)

Lucius Cincius Alimentus

Roman politician, historian and writer

Roman poet and philosopher

Ludwig Büchner

German philosopher and scientist (1824-1899)

Ludwig Feuerbach

German philosopher and anthropologist (1804-1872)

Ludwig von Mises

Austrian-American economist

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Austrian philosopher and logician (1889–1951)

German economist and social reformer (1844–1931)

American scholar and linguist (born 1942)

Lysander Spooner

American abolitionist and legal theorist (1808–1887)

Lytton Strachey

Magnus Hirschfeld

German physician and sexologist (1868–1935)

Malcolm Caldwell

British academic

3rd-century BC Egyptian historian and priest

Australian historian

Manning Marable

American academic (1950-2011)

Manuel Castells

Spanish sociologist and politician

Mexican academic

French historian and Resistance fighter

American linguist

French sociologist and anthropologist (1872-1950)

Australian Aboriginal scholar and activist

Margaret Floy Washburn

American psychologist and scholar (1871–1939)

American cultural anthropologist (1901–1978)

Margaret Murray

British egyptologist (1863–1963)

Maria Montessori

19th- and 20th-century Italian pedagogue, philosopher and physician

Marianne Mithun

American linguist (born 1946)

Marie-Louise von Franz

Swiss psychologist and scholar (1915-1998)

Marija Gimbutas

Lithuanian-American archaeologist

Marilyn Strathern

British anthropologist

Argentine-Canadian philosopher

Marquis de Condorcet

French philosopher, mathematician, and political scientist (1743-1794)

Marsha M. Linehan

American psychologist

Marshall McLuhan

Canadian philosopher and communications scholar (1911–1980)

Marshall Sahlins

American anthropologist

Marsilio Ficino

Italian philosopher and Catholic priest

Marsilius of Inghen

Dutch philosopher

Martha E. Bernal

American psychologist

Martha Nussbaum

American philosopher and academic

German cartographer

German-Israeli philosopher (1878–1965)

Martin Heidegger

German philosopher (1889–1976)

Martin Litchfield West

British philologist

Martin Schrettinger

German librarian

Martin Waldseemüller

German cartographer

American anthropologist (1927–2001)

Marvin Wolfgang

American criminologist

American-Canadian psychologist & scholar

English classicist (born 1955)

American art historian

American radical feminist philosopher and theologian

British anthropologist

American art historian

American linguist (1910–1996)

English ethnographer, scientific writer and explorer

British paleoanthropologist

Mary Louisa Armitt

American librarian and author

Mary McLeod Bethune

American educator and civil rights leader (1875–1955)

British philosopher and ethicist

Mary Whiton Calkins

American psychologist & scholar

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and intellectual (1759–1797)

Slovene academic (1797-1835)

Matrakçı Nasuh

Bosnian Ottoman polymath (1480 – c. 1564)

Matthias Ringmann

German cartographer

Maureen Furniss

American writer and academic

French economist

Maurice Blanchot

French writer, philosopher, and literary theorist

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

French phenomenological philosopher (1908–1961)

Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi

British businessman and politician (born 1946)

German philosopher and sociologist

German-born philologist, orientalist and indologist

German philosopher (1874-1928)

German philosopher

German sociologist, jurist, and political economist (1864–1920)

Ancient Greek ethnographer and explorer

British Austrian born psychoanalyst

American anthropologist

American librarian

Melville Fuller

Chief Justice of the United States (1888–1910)

American lawyer

Chinese philosopher

American economist

Mesrop Mashtots

Medieval Armenian theologian and linguist

American pathologist

Michael Barrier

American animation historian

Michael Halliday

Australian linguist (1925-2018)

Michael Howard (historian)

English military historian

American development economist

Michael Mallory

American writer

Michael Polanyi

Hungarian-British polymath

American engineer and economist

Michael Psellos

11th-century Byzantine monk, writer and court official

Michael Silverstein

American linguist

American economist

Michael Ventris

British architect who deciphered Linear B

Syrian philosopher, sociologist and Arab nationalist

Michel Foucault

French philosopher

French philosopher and writer

American linguist

Miguel de Unamuno

Spanish writer (1864–1936)

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Hungarian-American psychologist (1934–2021)

Mike Davis (scholar)

American writer, urban theorist, political activist, and historian from Southern California (1946-2022)

American attorney and author

Mikhail Bakhtin

Russian philosopher and literary theorist (1895–1975)

Mikhail Bakunin

Russian revolutionary anarchist and philosopher

Milton Friedman

American economist and statistician (1912–2006)

Milton H. Erickson

American psychiatrist (1901–1980)

French social commentator and political thinker

German philosopher (1882-1936)

Latvian-American linguist

American linguist (1909–1967)

Mortimer Wheeler

British archaeologist (1890–1976)

Chinese philosopher and translator

Chinese political philosopher and religious reformer of the Warring States period

Muhammad al-Idrisi

Muslim geographer (1100–1165)

Chief Adviser of Bangladesh since 2024

Murray Bookchin

American social theorist (1921–2006)

Murray Rothbard

American economist (1926-1995

Turkish psychologist (1906–1988)

Canadian economist

Tibetan Dzogchen master (1938–2018)

Nancy Scheper-Hughes

American anthropologist

Napoleon Chagnon

American anthropologist

American statistician and writer (born 1978)

American psychologist and academic (1909-2002)

Scottish historian

Niccolò Machiavelli

Florentine statesman, diplomat, and political theorist (1469–1527)

Nicholas Christakis

American physician and sociologist

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen

Romanian mathematician, statistician and economist

Nicholas Murray Butler

American philosopher, diplomat, and educator (1862-1947)

Nicholas of Cusa

German philosopher, theologian, jurist, and astronomer

Nicholas Serota

British curator

Nicolas Malebranche

French philosopher

Nicolas Slonimsky

Russian composer (1894-1995)

French philosopher

German sociologist

Nikolai Fyodorov (philosopher)

Russian philosopher and life extensionist

Nikolai Trubetzkoy

Russian linguist and historian

Nikolay Chernyshevsky

Russian writer and nihilist philosopher (1828–1889)

Nikolay Karamzin

Russian writer, poet, critic

American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, writer, editor, and author

American linguist, philosopher and activist

German British sociologist

Norman Finkelstein

American political scientist

Canadian literary critic and literary theorist

Nouriel Roubini

American economist

Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges

French historian

Turkish anthropologist

O. G. S. Crawford

British archaeologist (1886 – 1957)

Oliver E. Williamson

American economist

Oliver Hart (economist)

American economist (born 1948)

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

US Supreme Court justice from 1902 to 1932

Olivier Blanchard

French economist and professor

French mathematician and cartographer (*1494 – †1555)

British educationalist and historian

Oswald Spengler

German historian and philosopher

Danish linguist (1860–1943)

Art dealer and publisher (1894-1978)

Austrian economist, philosopher and sociologist

Austrian psychologist

Australian judge and diplomat

Pamphile of Epidaurus

Egyptian-Greek historian (1st century AD)

Ancient Sanskrit grammarian

Paolo Borsellino

Roman jurist (142–212)

American psychiatrist

Ancient Greek philosopher

Patricia Churchland

Canadian-American analytic philosopher

Belgian literary theorist

American psychologist and academic

American medical anthropologist and physician (1959–2022)

Paul Feyerabend

Austrian philosopher of science (1924–1994)

American author, public intellectual, and social critic

British philosopher

Finnish-American linguist

American economist (born 1953)

Paul Lazarsfeld

Austrian-American sociologist (1901–1976)

Belgian author, entrepreneur, lawyer and activist

American linguist (1927-1976)

French philosopher

American economist

American economist

Brazilian educator (1921–1997)

Pausanias (geographer)

2nd-century AD Greek geographer

Pavel Florensky

Russian Orthodox priest, theologian, philosopher, engineer, inventor and polymath

Pendleton Dudley

American journalist (1876–1966)

Penelope Eckert

American sociolinguist

French scholastic philosopher, logician, and theologian (c.1079-1142)

American sociologist

Nobel prize in economics winner

American politician and historian (1790–1868)

Peter Kropotkin

Russian revolutionary socialist and anarcho-communist philosopher

Peter Ladefoged

British phonetician

Australian moral philosopher

American marketing author, consultant, and professor

Philip Zimbardo

American social psychologist

Philippa Langley

British writer (born 1962)

Philippe Ariès

French academic and historian (1914-1984)

Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe

French philosopher, literary critic, and translator

Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria (c. 20 BCE - c. 50 CE)

French philosopher and writer

Pierre Bourdieu

French sociologist, anthropologist, and philosopher (1930–2002)

Pierre Claude François Daunou

French statesman and historian of the French Revolution and Empire (1761-1840)

French physicist (1861–1916)

Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play

French engineer, sociologist and economist (1806-1882)

Pierre Lasserre

French philosopher, essayist, and scholar

French art historian and critic

Pierre Rosenberg

French art historian, collector, and former director of the Louvre

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

French politician, philosopher and socialist

Dutch historian

15th century Maltese philosopher

Ugandan linguist and scholar

Turkish admiral and cartographer

Pitirim Sorokin

Russian sociologist (1889-1968)

Plato (disambiguation)

Topics referred to by the same term

Neoplatonist philosopher

Greek philosopher and historian (c. AD 40 – 120s)

Ancient Greek historian

1st century AD Roman geographer

Porntip Rojanasunan

Thai forensic pathologist

Porphyry of Tyre

Neoplatonist philosopher

Ancient Greek Stoic philosopher

US Supreme Court justice from 1958 to 1981

Indian philosopher

Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar

Indian spiritual Guru, philosopher, social reformer and composer

5th-century Greek Neoplatonist philosopher

6th-century historian

Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher (c.490–c.420 BC)

Ancient Egyptian vizier

Pyotr Chaadayev

Russian philosopher (1794-1856)

Hellenistic Greek philosopher, founder of Pyrrhonism

Quentin Skinner

British historian (born 1940)

Quintus Curtius Rufus

First century Roman historian

Quintus Fabius Pictor

Ancient Roman historian

Unorthodox Scottish psychiatrist

R. G. Collingwood

British historian and philosopher (1889–1943)

English philosopher (1880–1962)

British moral philosopher

Indian economist and former governor of Reserve Bank of India

Norwegian economist

Ralf Dahrendorf

German-British sociologist and politician (1929–2009)

American diplomat

American anthropologist

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American philosopher, essayist, and poet

Randolph L. Braham

American historian and political scientist

Rashid al-Din Hamadani

Persian physician and historian (1247-1318)

Danish linguist and philologist

American linguist and philosophy professor

American computer scientist, author and futurist (born 1948)

French philosopher, sociologist, journalist and political scientist (1905–1983)

Raymond Cattell

British-American psychologist (1905–1998)

Raymond Williams

Welsh scholar, author, and Marxist literary critic

Rebecca Goldstein

American novelist, short story writer, biographer, philosopher

Canadian anthropologist

Reinhard Selten

German economist

French jurist (1887-1976)

René Descartes

17th-century French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist

Richard Bentley

English classical scholar, critic, and theologian (1662–1742)

Richard Borshay Lee

Canadian anthropologist

Richard Cantillon

Irish-French economist and banker

Richard Hofstadter

American historian and public intellectual (1916–1970)

Richard J. Evans

British historian

American linguist; Professor of Linguistics in the Linguistics Department at New York University

Kenyan paleoanthropologist, conservationist, and politician

English classical scholar

American federal judge and legal scholar (born 1939)

American philosopher

British economist, Nobel Memorial Prize winner

American economist

Richard von Krafft-Ebing

Austrian neurologist, psychiatrist, and nobleman

American historian

Retired US Navy officer and a professor of oceanography known for maritime archaeology and archaeology of shipwrecks

35th Solicitor General of the United States

Robert C. Merton

American economist (1944-)

American journalist and author

Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood

Lawyer, politician and diplomat in the United Kingdom (1864-1958)

Robert Cialdini

American author and psychologist

Robert Conquest

British historian and poet

Robert D. Putnam

American political scientist

American sociologist (1864–1944)

Robert Ettinger

American academic

Robert F. Engle

American economist

American economist and historian (1926–2013)

Robert Grosseteste

13th-century Bishop of Lincoln and philosopher

Robert J. Shiller

American Lithuanian economist (born 1946)

Robert Joseph Pothier

Robert K. Merton

American sociologist

American anthropologist

Robert Lucas Jr.

American economist

Robert M. Gagné

American psychologist (1916–2002)

Robert M. Pirsig

American writer and philosopher (1928–2017)

Robert M. W. Dixon

Australian linguist and author

Canadian economist (1932–2021)

American political philosopher (1938-2002)

American political scientist and historian

American psychologist and geneticist

American economist

Robert Sternberg

American psychologist & scholar

Robert W. Young

American linguist (1912-2007)

Italian art historian (1890-1970)

American academic (born 1956)

5th Chief Justice of the United States

Medieval philosopher and theologian

English artist and art critic (1866-1934)

American mathematician

English conservative philosopher

French philosopher and essayist

Roland Freisler

German lawyer and judge

American psychologist (1909–1994)

Russian-American linguist

American writer and historian (born 1949)

British economist and Nobel laureate (1910–2013)

American legal philosopher

New Zealand born British historian and classicist (1903-1989)

American legal scholar and educator (1870-1964)

American lawyer

German philosopher and logician

Rudolf Christoph Eucken

19th/20th-century German philosopher

Austrian esotericist (1861–1925)

Rufus Wilmot Griswold

American editor, literary critic, anthologist, and writer

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

US Supreme Court justice from 1993 to 2020

American anthropologist and folklorologist (1887–1948)

S. R. Ranganathan

Indian mathematician and librarian

American writer

Sanshikan of Ryukyu; Regent, instructor, and advisor to King Shō Kei (1682-1761)

Roman historian and politician (86 BC - c.35 BC)

American philosopher and neuroscientist (born 1967)

Samuel Eliot Morison

United States admiral and historian

Samuel Flagg Bemis

American historian

Samuel Kleinschmidt

German/Danish missionary

Samuel P. Huntington

American political scientist

Samuel Rawson Gardiner

British historian

Sándor Kőrösi Csoma

Hungarian philologist and orientalist (1784-1842)

Sandra Day O'Connor

United States Supreme Court justice

US American philosopher and logician

American academic

Seneca the Younger

Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist (c. 4 BC–AD 65)

Cherokee polymath and creator of the Cherokee syllabary

Sergei Diaghilev

Russian art critic and impresario

Sergei Starostin

Russian linguist and philologist

Sergey Solovyov (historian)

Russian historian

Brazilian ex-federal judge

Seymour Martin Lipset

American sociologist (1922–2006)

Statesman of the Qin state

Chinese philosopher and politician (c. 400–c. 337 BC)

Chinese legalist theoretician (c. 350–c. 275 BC)

American anthropologist

Sherwood Washburn

American archaeologist, anthropologist, prehistorian and paleoanthropologist

Creator of the Pahawh Hmong (1929-1971)

Shoqan Walikhanov

Kazakhstani ethnographer

Shulamith Firestone

Canadian-American radical feminist

American anthropologist

Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis

Chinese politician, writer, and historian during the Northern Song dynasty (1019-1086)

Chinese historian and writer

Simon Baron-Cohen

British psychologist and author

Simon Blackburn

English academic philosopher (born 1944)

American economist and statistician (1901-1984)

Belgian-Australian writer, sinologist and essayist

British historian

Simone de Beauvoir

French philosopher, social theorist and activist (1908–1986)

Slovenian philosopher (born 1949)

Snorri Sturluson

Icelandic historian, poet and politician (AD 1179–1241)

Classical Greek Athenian philosopher (c. 470 – 399 BC)

Socrates of Constantinople

5th century Greek Christian church historian

Polish-American psychologist

Søren Kierkegaard

Danish theologian, philosopher, poet and social critic (1813–1855)

Byzantine historian

Stanley Cohen (sociologist)

British sociologist (1942–2013)

Stanley Milgram

American social psychologist

Stanley Schachter

American psychologist

American actress and acting teacher (1901–1992)

Stephen E. Ambrose

American historian and writer

Canadian-American psycholinguist (born 1954)

Ancient Greek anthologist

Greek geographer, philosopher and historian

Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)

Jamaican-born British sociologist and cultural theorist

Stuart Macintyre

Australian historian

American author, historian and broadcaster

Chinese archeologist

1st/2nd century Roman historian

Surendranath Dasgupta

Bengali scholar of Sanskrit and philosophy

Susan Blackmore

British writer and academic

Swedish geographer, topographer, explorer, photographer, travel writer and illustrator (1865-1952)

Syed Ahmad Khan

Indian Muslim educator, philosopher and politician (1817-1898)

T. Allston Brown

American theatre historian

British philosopher (1836-1882)

Roman historian and senator (56–120)

Talcott Parsons

American sociologist (1902–1979)

Chinese philosopher

English author and academic (born 1943)

Thales of Miletus

Ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician

Theodor Mommsen

German classical scholar and historian (1817–1903)

Theodor W. Adorno

German philosopher and sociologist, 1903–1969. Influential on the new left

Theodore Parker

American transcendalist

Theodore Schultz

American economist

Théodore Simon

French intelligence researcher

5th century Byzantine theologian and bishop

Ancient greek philosopher

Italian Dominican theologian and philosopher (1225–1274)

Thomas Babington Macaulay

19th-century British historian and Whig politician (1800–1859)

15th/16th-century Italian philosopher and priest

Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher (1795–1881)

Thomas Francis Wade

19th-century British linguist and diplomat

English philosopher (1588–1679)

Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet

American educator (1787–1851)

Thomas J. Sargent

American economist

American historian, physicist and philosopher

American philosopher

British-American political activist, philosopher, political theorist and revolutionary (1737–1809)

French economist

Scottish philosopher

Thomas Robert Malthus

British political economist (1766–1834)

Thomas Schelling

American economist (1921-2016)

American economist (born 1930)

Hungarian-American psychiatrist, (1920–2012)

18th-century English literary historian, critic, and poet

Thorstein Veblen

American academic

Classical Greek historian and general

Thurgood Marshall

United States Supreme Court justice

American psychologist, author, proponent of psychedelic therapy

Tjalling Koopmans

American mathematician

Tom Denning, Baron Denning

English lawyer and judge

Trần Trọng Kim

Prime minister of Vietnam under Japanese rule (April–August 1945)

Byzantine jurist (c. 485–542)

Trygve Haavelmo

Norwegian economist and econometrician

American economist

American psychologist

German sociologist & scholar

Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

German classical philologist

V. Gordon Childe

Australian archaeologist

Vāchaspati Misra

Indian philosopher

American academic

Founder of the first school for the blind

Russian historian specializing in the history of Islam and the Turkic peoples (1869-1930)

Indian logician

Vernon L. Smith

American economist

Vernon Louis Parrington

Football coach; Pulitzer Prize Winner; Academic Professor

French philosopher

Viktor Shklovsky

Soviet Jewish writer

Czech philosopher and photographer

Vilfredo Pareto

Italian sociologist and economist

Vincent Bugliosi

American lawyer and true crime writer

Virginia E. Johnson

American sexologist and writer

Russian lexicographer

Russian folklorist, philologist and linguist

Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)

Russian philosopher

Serbian philologist and linguist (1787–1864)

W. Arthur Lewis

Saint Lucian economist and Nobel laureate (1915–1991)

W. E. B. Du Bois

American sociologist and activist (1868–1963)

Walter Baldwin Spencer

English-Australian biologist and anthropologist.

Walter Benjamin

German cultural critic, philosopher and social critic (1892–1940)

German classical philologist and religious scholar (1931–2015)

American economist

Walter Isaacson

American author, journalist and professor

American chemist

Austrian-born Jewish American psychologist

Walter William Skeat

19th/20th-century British philologist

German economist, Nazi politician and convicted war criminal (1890–1960)

Chinese philosopher and general

Warren E. Burger

15th Chief Justice of the United States

Wassily Leontief

Russian economist (1906-1999)

German economist, sociologist, and historian

Wesley Clair Mitchell

American statistician

Founder of vexillology, the study of flags

Wilhelm von Humboldt

German (Prussian) philosopher, government functionary, diplomat, and founder of the University of Berlin (1767–1835)

German founder of psychology (1832–1920)

American historian, philosopher and writer

Willard Van Orman Quine

American philosopher and logician (1908–2000)

William A. Smalley

American linguist

American philosopher

William Archibald Dunning

American historian noted for the "Dunning School"

William Bernbach

American businessman

William Beveridge

British Liberal politician, economist, and social reformer

William Blackstone

Eighteenth-century English jurist, judge, and politician

William Dalrymple

Scottish historian and writer

William F. Sharpe

American economist

English philosopher and novelist

William Graham Sumner

American sociologist (1840-1910)

William H. McNeill

Canadian historian and writer (1917–2016)

William H. Prescott

American historian and Hispanist (1796–1859)

William Hazlitt

19th-century English essayist and critic

William Holmes McGuffey

Early influential American educator

William Huntington Russell

American businessman

William J. Brennan Jr.

U.S. Supreme Court justice from 1956 to 1990

American philosopher, psychologist, and pragmatist (1842–1910)

William Jones (philologist)

British philologist and scholar (1746–1794)

William Kunstler

American attorney and civil rights activist (1919–1995)

American linguist; father of sociolinguistics

William M. Bass

American forensic anthropologist

William Masters

American gynecologist

William Michael Rossetti

Pre-Raphaelite writer and critic

William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield

British barrister, politician and judge (1705–1793)

William Nordhaus

American economist

William O. Douglas

US Supreme Court justice from 1939 to 1975

William of Ockham

English Franciscan friar and theologian (c.1287–1347)

English scientist, philosopher, statistician and economist (1623-1687)

William Rehnquist

16th Chief Justice of the United States

William Stoughton (judge)

Salem witch trial magistrate, Massachusetts colonial official

William Stukeley

English antiquarian (1687–1765)

William Vickrey

Canadian-American professor of economics and Nobel Laureate (1914-1996)

William Whewell

19th-century English scientist and theologian

Wladimir Köppen

Russian-German meteorologist

Wu Han (historian)

Chinese historian and politician

Pre-Socratic philosopher

Greek philosopher, historian, and soldier (c.430–355/354 BC)

Chinese essayist and philosopher (1885-1968)

Chinese author of Shuowen Jiezi

Xu Xing (philosopher)

Philosopher of Ancient China

Xunzi (philosopher)

Ancient Chinese philosopher

Chinese translator

Chinese founder of Yangist philosophy (440–c.360 BC)

Yaqut al-Hamawi

12th and 13th-century Arab bibliographer and geographer

American China historian (1930-2021)

Russian academic

Yuval Noah Harari

Israeli historian, philosopher, and author of popular science bestsellers

Egyptian Egyptologist (born 1947)

Zbigniew Brzezinski

Polish-American diplomat and political scientist (1928–2017)

Populariser of theoretical linguistics

Hellenistic philosopher, founder of Stoicism (c. 334–c. 262 BC)

Ancient Greek philosopher best known for his paradoxes

Chinese philosopher, essayist, politician, writer, and cosmologist (1020-1077)

Chinese archaeologist

Chinese philosopher

Chinese linguist

Chinese historian, philosopher, poet and politician (1130–1200)

Chinese Philosopher

Ottoman Turkish poet, writer (1876–1924)

Zhou Dynasty philosopher

Chinese historian (556–451 BC), responsible for an important commentary on Confucius's Spring & Autumn Annals